Turn of the Century and WWI Terms

Laws related to US foreign Policy

Teller Amendment (1898)
• The Amendment promised that when the US overthrew Spanish rule in Cuba, the US would give Cubans their independence
• Later, the Platt Amendment would override the Teller Amendment as Cuba would come under US control after the Spanish-American War

Cuba and Platt Amendment (1901)
• Rider attached to Army appropriations bill
• It was written into the constitution of Cuba by the US and, in effect, made Cuba a US protectorate
• The US could intervene to preserve Cuba’s “independence”; in reality, the US could act to protect its own interests
• The US kept land for naval bases on Cuba; Guantanamo Bay would play a part in later Cuba-US conflicts

Hay-Pauceforte Treaty (1901)-
• British canceled treaty of 1850 allowing any canal in Central America to be under joint Brit-US control
• Allowed the US to dig the Panama Canal without British involvement

The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine (1904)-
• Justified US intervention in Latin American countries when necessary
• US could send gunboats to Latin American country that was delinquent in paying its debts
• US sailors and marines occupy ports to manage collection of custom taxes until debt paid off

Root-Takahira Agreement (1908)-
• Sec. Of State Elihu Root & Japanese Ambassador Takahira pledged mutual respect for each nations Pacific possessions and support for Open Door policy in China

The Lodge Corollary-
• Stated that non-European powers would be excluded from owning territory in the Western Hemisphere
• Proposed by Henry Cabot Lodge who feared Japanese schemes to acquire land
• Opposed by Pres. Taft, offended Japan & Latin American Countries

The Progressive Era – Laws and Policies

Theodore Roosevelt’s Square Deal-
• President should do much more than lead executive departments
• President’s job to set legislative agenda for Congress
• Government will step in to settle disputes between labor and business

“Square Deal” for labor-
• Government intervention in disputes between labor and business
o 1902 Coal strike, mediated btw parties and threatened to take over mines if owners refused to compromise

Food and Drug Act (1906)-
• Forbade the manufacture, sale, and transportation of adulterated or mislabeled food & drugs

Meat Inspection Act (1906)-
• Placed strict controls on the meat industry‡The Secretary of Agriculture can inspect any meat for safety
• 4 requirements
o Inspection of livestock
o Post mortem for carcasses
o Sanitation
o Ongoing monitoring from the secretary of agriculture's dept

Payne-Aldrich Tariff(1909)-
• Proposed by Sereno Payne(R) and Nelson Alrich(R)
• Began as a bill that lowered tariffs but ended up raising tariffs though compromises
• Split the republican party into the true progressives and the Old Guard conservatives

Underwood Tariff (1913)-
• First federal income tax.
• Introduced the tax bracket system instead of fixed rates.
• Lowered tariffs, and income tax became the new source of income for the government

Wilson’s New Freedom (1913)-
• Wilson’s inaugural address pledged commitment to bring back conditions of free and fair competition in the economy
• Wilson attacked tariffs, banking, & trusts

Federal Reserve Act (1913)
• Response to the Panic of 1907 and concerns of business
• Need for a stable currency supply that could grow and shrink with business demands
• Several measures competed for designing this central reserve, ,each offering control to a different group
• President Wilson worked diligently to create and secure passage of act
• Divided the nation into separate regions with federal reserve banks in each that would serve as “banker’s banks”
• The Federal Reserve Board oversaw the system and regulated it by raising or lowering the interest rates that each federal reserve bank would charge

Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)-
• Further outlined regulations against monopolies and other unfair business practices
• Meant as update for the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890
• Price discrimination that was destructive to competition was declared illegal
• Declared interlocking board of directors of direct competitors illegal
• Established Federal Trade Commission to investigate and prosecute instances of unfair competition
• Served as the grounds for many suits against big corporations
• Exempted labor unions engaged in legal activities

Federal Trade Commission (1914)-
• Regulatory agency that was allowed to investigate any "unfair trade practice" in every industry except for banking and transportation
• It was established to work against trusts

Federal Farm Loan Act (1916)-
• 12 regional farm loan banks were set up
• Farmers could put up to 50% of their land and 20% of their improvements as collateral
• Small farmers could improve their conditions and buy new equipment to challenge larger businesses with available capital

Keating-Owen Child Labor Act (1916)-
• Forbade shipment of products whose production had involved child labor
• Power of enforcement derived from interstate commerce, so the federal government could regulate it rather than states
• Declared unconstitutional because it interfered with the power of states

More important Laws

Sixteenth Amendment-
• Congress can collect an income tax for the spending of the federal government alone

Seventeenth Amendment (ratified 1913)-
• A progressive initiative that allowed for each state to elect 2 senators for 6-year terms by popular vote
• Restated the first paragraph of Article 1, Section 3 of the Constitution by replacing “chosen by Legislature thereof” with “elected by the people thereof”
• Allowed citizens to have a more active participation in the government

Eighteenth Amendment (1919)-
• Prohibition
• Made the creation, sale and transport of alcohol in the United States illegal and the state government has the ability to enforce this law with legislation

Nineteenth Amendment (1920)-
• 19th Amendment provided for women’s suffrage, which had been defeated earlier by the Senate
• Ratified by states 1920
• Feminists who supported suffrage since the 1860s included: Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Carrie Chapman Catt

Espionage and Sedition Acts (1917 and 1918)-
• Fines and imprisonment for persons who made false statements which aided the enemy, hindered the draft, or incited military rebellion
• Forbade criticism of the government, flag, or uniform
• Led to imprisonment of major figures
• The Supreme Court upheld the acts, allowing the government to limit free speech when words represented clear and present danger, especially during times of war

Chapter 22 - Jake 3 minute REVIEW notes

This isn't meant to replace the textbook. Only for quick review purpose.

Notes – Battle for National Reform

Guiding questions

How did the nature of the executive power change with Roosevelt’s Presidency?

Why did the presidents at this time attack the trusts so much?

Why did the United States turn militaristic against the foreign nations at this time?

Notes

I. Theodore Roosevelt and the Modern Presidency
1. The Accidental President
a. McKinley dies in 1901 à Roosevelt becomes the president after him.
b. A rancher in the Dakota badlands à commander of the Rough Riders (hence the stereotype)

2. Government, Capital, and Labor
a. Viewed the federal power as the mediator of the public good à mediator for labor.
b. Not completely against the trusts, but dissolved Northern Securities Company of J.P Morgan.

3. “The Square Deal”
a. At first, concerned with re-election à wins the election of 1904 for second term
b. Square Deal for everyone à Hepburn Act: Control of the Railroads. Pure Food and Drug Act

4. Roosevelt and Conservation and Preservation
a. Concerned with the environment and natural resources à national parks ↑
b. New Lands Act: Federal aid to fund dams, reservations, and canals in the west.
c. Naturalist ideals + Pragmatic Conservationist (conservation to further make use of resources)
d. Hetch Hetchy Controversy – Roosevelt ↑ the dam building in San Francisco: practicality↑↑

5. The Panic of -1907
a. Overproduction from industry à Speculation↑ à Crash à Conservatives blame Roosevelt à J.P Morgan lends gold for letting US Steel absorb Tennessee Coal and Iron Company

II. The Troubled Succession
1. Taft and the Progressives: failed attempts at lowering tariffs
a. William Howard Taft à Payne-Aldrich Tariff: no effect in lowering tariffs at all
b. Moderate with reformation: Ballinger-Pinchot Dispute over forest/mineral reserves
à Alienated Roosevelt supporters by kicking Pinchot out

2. The Return of Roosevelt
a. Roosevelt returns to politics à New Nationalism: powerful federal government
b. Taft kills Tennessee Coal and Iron Company/US Steel of Morgan for antitrust.
c. Republican party nominates Taft à Roosevelt forms the Progressive Party.

III. Woodrow Wilson and the New Freedom
1. Woodrow Wilson
a. New Freedom: anti-monopoly↑. Wilson wins the election of 1912 against Taft and Roosevelt
b. Executive powers↑, Tariff↓ Federal Reserve Act: 12 regional Federal Reserve Banks + Federal Reserve Notes used with Government backing the currency
c. Monopoly à Regulatory Commission to bust the trusts à Legal attacks on monopoly↑

2. Retreat and Advance
a. Women’s suffrage ↓ by Wilson at first, segregation ↑↑ in south.
b. Wilson loses some progressive support à then supports reforms and passes child labor laws

IV. The “Big Stick”: America and the World, 1901~1917
1. The Iron-fisted neighbor
a. Roosevelt distinguished the civilized nation as industrial powers
b. Roosevelt wins the Nobel Peace Prize for ending Russo-Japanese War: Open door↑↑↑
c. Roosevelt Corollary + Monroe Doctrine: US right to intervene to domestic issues in Latin Am.
d. Taft: Dollar Diplomacy – invest in Latin America à dominate their economy
e. Moral Diplomacy: Intervened in Mexican Revolution to kill Pancho Villaà attacked Veracruz

Chapter 23: America and the Great War

I. The Road to War
A. The Collapse of the European Peace

• Competing Alliances
• “Triple Entente” (Britain, France, Russia) vs. “Triple Alliance” (Germany, Austria-Hungry, Italy)
• Underlying struggle btw Britain & Germany
• June 28 1914, assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Serbian nationalist in Sarajevo, Bosnia
• In less than year, entire Euro continent & part of Asia in War

B. Wilson’s Neutrality

• Wilson -> “remain impartial in thought as well as deed”
• German & Irish Americans --> support German cause, Wilson & many --> support for Britain
• Economic Ties to Britain
• Brits imposed naval blockade on Germany, US continued to trade with Brits (not truly neutral)
• Ally war demands --> economic Boom in U.S.
• 1915 U.S. gone from neutral power --> arsenal of allies
• Lusitania – British passenger liner, also carrying munitions, that was sunk by German submarine and resulted in the death of 128 Americans
• Wilson demanded Germany not repeat attacks and recognize Americans neutrality & and ability to safely travel in belligerent waters
• 1916 Brits arm merchant vessels to compete against German submarines --> Germany declares would fire on such vessels w/o warning
• Germans sink unarmed French Sussex (killing American passengers) --> Wilson demands an end to “unlawful” tactics --> Germans agree
• Germans relented b/c marginally effective tactics not worth drawing Americans into war

C. Preparedness vs. Pacifism

• Wilson battling for reelection needed to acknowledge factions opposing intervention
• --> Policies attempted to balance demands of defending national honor & economic interests against demands of taking no action that would increase chance of war
• 1915 Wilson endorsed ambitious proposal for large & rapid increase in armed forces
• 1916 Democratic convention --> “He kept us out of war”
• 1916 Election – Wilson narrowly beats Hughes

D. A War for Democracy

• Jan 1917, speech before congress, Wilson created own rational behind going to war
• U.S. had no material aims
• Committed to using war as vehicle for constructing new world order based on progressive ideals that motivated American reform
• Peace through permanent league of nations
• Provocation for War
• German policy --> assaults on enemy lines in France with unrestricted submarine warfare (allied & amer. Ships) to cut off Brit supplies
• Zimmermann Telegram – Feb 25th, intercepted telegram from German foreign minister Arthur Zimmermann to Mex government
• In case of war Mexicans should side with Germans against Americans
• Would regain lost provinces
• March 1917 – collapse of Czarist Russia
• U.S. would not be allied with monarchy
• April 2nd – Wilson asks Congress for Declaration of war
• Protect democracy & rights and liberties of small nations
• April 6 Congress passes Declaration of war

II. “War Without Stint”
A. Entering the War

• When U.S. entered, Europe in stalemate
• Most immediate effect on sea conflict
• Destroyers aided assault on U-Boats
• Warships escorted merchant vessels
• Submarine mines in North Sea
• Russian Revolution --> Russia withdraws from war, treaty with Germany giving up land and freeing up western troops
• --> American ground troops necessary

B. The American Expeditionary Forces

• U.S. had few and inexperienced soldiers
• Selective Service Act – national draft
• American Expeditionary Force (AEF) - 3 million from draft, 2 million into army services voluntarily
• Most diverse fighting force US had ever assembled
• Women allowed to enlist --> roles in hospitals and offices
• 400,000 black soldiers – segregated units w/ white commanding officer

C. The Military Struggle

• General John J. Pershing – commanded AEF as it joined Allied forces
• Chåteau-Thierry - June 1918, American forces helped repel German attack that brought Germans 50 miles from Paris
• July 18 Allies halted German advance and began own offense
• Meuse-Argonne Offensive – Sept 26 1918, American fighting force began 7 week attack that helped push Germans back towards own border & cut major supply lines
• Germans faced with invasion of own country --> sought armistice to prelude negotiations
• November 11, 1918 Great War ended

D. The New Technology of Warfare

• Machine guns & high-powered artillery --> development of trench warfare
• Development of tanks, flamethrowers, chemical weapons allowed forces to attack entrenched soldiers without direct combat
• --> Need for elaborate maintenance and supplies
• Airplanes played significant role – bombers, fighters, reconnaissance
• New naval battleships – turbine propulsion, hydraulic gun controls, electric light & power, wireless telegraphy, navigation aids
• New technologies --> High Casualty Rates

III. The War and American Society

• Mobilizing industrial economy for total war required great government involvement in industry, agriculture, and other areas
• Required strenuous effort to ensure loyalty & commitment of people

B. Organizing the Economy for War
∑ Financing the War - $32 billion appropriated by gov for expenses directly related to the conflict

• 1) “Liberty Bonds” – gov’s attempted to solicit loans from American people
• 1920 - $23 billion
• 2) New taxes – excess corporation profits, steeply graduated income & inheritance taxes
• $10 billion
• Organizing the Economy
• 1) Wilson established Council of National Defense (1916) – set up local defense councils in every state, econ mobilization rested on large-scale dispersal of power to local communities
• Proved completely unworkable
• Council members (influenced by engineering gospel and “scientific management”) urged more centralized approach
• Divide power through several planning bodies supervising a specific sector of the econ
• 2) War Industries Board (1917) – coordinated government purchases of military supplies
• Restructured in 1918 and put under control of Bernard Baruch
• Baruch appeared to provide centralized regulation of economy
• WIB, in fact, plagued by mismanagement and inefficiency
• American resources and productive capacities > WIB
• Government was working to enhance private sector through mutually beneficial alliance
• Lessons of the Managed Economy
• Spectacular accomplishments (organization of domestic food supplies and railroads)
• Leaders of gov and industry convinced of a close, cooperative relationship btw the public and private sectors
• Hoped to continue wartime experiment in peacetime

C. Labor and the War

• The National War Labor Board (April 1918) – resolve labor disputes & pressured industry to grant important concessions to workers
• 8 hr work day
• Maintenance of minimal living standards
• Equal pay for women doing equal work
• Recognition of the right of unions to organize and bargain collectively
• Insisted workers forgo strikes and employers not engage in lockouts
• War provided workers w/ important temporary gains but did not stop labor militancy
• Ludlow Massacre (1914) - Western Federation of Minders struck against Rockefeller coal mines --> strikebreakers & militia attacked workers’ tent colony --> 39 dead

D. Economic and Social Results of the War

• War --> Boom, began 1914 b/c of Euro demands, accelerated 1917 from US demands
• “Great Migration” – migration of many African Americans from rural south into northern industrial cities
• Push – poverty, indebtedness, racism, violence
• Pull – prospect of factory jobs in urban North, opportunity to live in communities where blacks could enjoy more freedom & autonomy
• Increase in black communities --> race riots
• War = new opportunities for women
• Worked in wide range of industrial jobs left behind by men
• After war women either fired or quit these jobs
• Women in Industry Board – formed to oversee movement of women into jobs left behind by men in military, remained even after war --> Women’s Bureau – permanent agency dedicated to protecting interest of women in the work force

IV. The Search For Social Unity
A. The Peace Movement

• Pre 1917: German Americans, Irish Americans, religious pacifists, intellectuals, Socialist Party, Industrial Workers of the world
• War = meaningless battle among capitalist nations for commercial supremacy
• Women’s Peace Party (1915) – developed by Carrie Chapman Catt, efforts to keep US from intervening in war
• Post 1917 – National American Woman Suffrage Association supported war and presented itself as patriotic organization, Catt abandoned peace cause --> called for woman suffrage as war measure
• Jane Addams, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and others still opposed war
• Maternal Opposition to War – moral and maternal basis for pacifism

B. Selling the War and Suppressing Dissent

• War --> boost to religious revivalism --> support for war
• Committee on Public Information (CPI) – directed by George Creel, supervised distribution of pro-war literature
• Urged “self censorship” in news
• At first presented facts --? anti German propaganda (The Kaiser: Beast of Berlin) --> encouraged Americans to think of Germans as savages
• Espionage Act of 1917 – stiff penalties for spying, sabotage, obstruction of war effort; empowered post office to ban seditious material from mails
• Sabotage Act & Sedition Act (1918) - any public expression of opposition to the war = illegal; officials could persecute anyone who criticized pres or gov
• Acts targeted anti-capitalist groups (Socialist party & IWW)
• Repressing Dissent
• American Protective League – group whose members served as “agents” discovering dissenting individuals
• National Security League, Boy Spies of America, American Defense Society
• “100 Percent Americanism”
• Anti-German measures

V. The Search for a New World Order
A. The Fourteen Points

• Jan 8, 1918 Wilson presented principles nation was fighting for --> fourteen points
• 8 recommendations for adjusting postwar boundaries & for establishing new nations
• right of all peoples to self-determination
• 5 general principles to govern international conduct in future
• freedom of the seas
• open covenants (no secret treaties)
• reductions in armaments
• free trade
• impartial mediation of colonial claims
• League of nations
• Flaws
• No formula for deciding how to apply “self-determination”
• Little about economic rivalries and their effect on international relations
• Lenin’s Challenge
• Dec 1917 Lenin issued own war aims (very similar to Wilson’s)
• Wilson’s last minute attempt to keep Russia in war
• Wilson realized Lenin = competitor in postwar order

B. Early Obstacles

• Allied leaders resented U.S.’s tone of moral superiority and separation from Allied forces
• Allied Intransigence – Britain and France wanted compensation and revenge against Germany
• Wilson against the Republican party

C. The Paris Peace Conference

• The Big 4 – Lloyd George (Britain), Clemenceau (France), Vittorio Orlando (Italy), Wilson (US)
• Idealism competing with national aggrandizement
• Wilson indirectly helped White Russian forces against Bolsheviks, and refused to recognize new government until 1933
• Wilson’s Retreat – economic & strategic demands constantly in conflict with principle of cultural nationalism
• Reparations
• Wilson initially opposed demanding compensation, but eventually accepted principle of reparations
• 1921 --> $56 Billion, 1930s --> became $9 million
• crippled already weak economy
• Successes
• Imperial possessions in “trusteeship” under League of Nations
• Blocked French proposal to break up Western Germany
• League of Nations - jan 25 1919

D. The Ratification Battle

• Wilson presented Treat of Versailles to senate on July 1919 --> Wilson’s Intransigence
• Henry Cabot Lodge – powerful chairman of Foreign Relations Committee who hated the president and used very possible tactic to obstruct delay and amend the treaty
• Wilson’s intransigence --> Senate would not budge --> appeal to the public

E. Wilson’s Ordeal

• While on tour to arouse public support Wilson reached end of strength --> stroke --> impaired function and increased intransigence
• League Membership Rejected
• Public interest in peace process fading b/c of ratification fight & other crises

VI. A Society in Turmoil

• New Social Environment –
• post 1918 no longer receptive to progressive reform
• severe post war economic recession

B. Industry and Labor

• War ended sooner than anticipated --> nation needed to establish economic reconversion
• 1920 – disastrous inflation that killed market for consumer goods
• Postwar Recession
• Loss of jobs
• Inflation wiped out modest wage gains
• Employers rescinded benefits they had conceded in 1917-1918 --> strikes
• Boston Police Strike – response to layoffs and wage cuts
• Without police Boston --> violence & looting
• Governor Calvin Coolidge called in National Guard --> officials dismissed entire police force & hired new one
• Steelworkers Strike (Sept 1919) – eastern & Midwestern steelworkers walked off job demanding 8 hr work day & union recognition
• Long, bitter, violent strike --> Riot in Gary, Indiana --> steel mill continued working with nonunion labor & public dissent --> Steelworkers’ Strike Defeated

C. The Demands of African Americans

• New Black Attitudes
• Accentuated African American bitterness
• Increased determination to fight for rights
• Chicago Race Riots (1919)
• Black teenager swimming in Lake Michigan stoned by whites and drowned
• Angry blacks retaliated in white neighborhoods
• Larger white crowds attacked black neighborhoods
• NAACP urged blacks to demand government protection AND fight back & defend themselves
• Marcus Garvey’s Black Nationalism
• Garvey encouraged African Americans to take pride in own achievements & develop awareness of heritage
• Reject assimilation into white society
• Pride in own superior race and culture
• United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) – pressed for creation of black businesses
• Leave America and return to Africa

D. The Red Scare

• Russian Revolution 1917 --> communism no long theory = important regime
• Formation of Communist International (Comintern) – export revolution around the world
• American Communist Party 1919
• Bombings --> Popular Antiradicalism
• “100 Percent Americanism” --> Red Scare
• Palmer Raids – Jan 1 1920, Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer & J. Edgar Hoover orchestrated raids on alleged radical centers & made many arrests
• Did not fight huge caches of weapons and explosives
• Most of arrested released
• Sacco and Vanzetti (1920) – 2 Italian immigrants charged with murder of paymaster in Massachusetts
• Convicted and sentenced to death under bigoted trail and injudicious circumstances
• Supported for Sacco and Vanzetti increased but calls for retrial rejected
• Aug 23, 1927 executed among international protest

E. The Retreat from Idealism

• 19th Amendment – Aug 26, 1920 – guaranteed women the right to vote
• --> passage of Shepard Towner Maternity and Infancy Act 1921 – provided funds for supporting the health of women and infants
• 1922 Cable Act – granted women the rights of US citizenship independent of their husbands’ status
• Election of 120
• Republican Warren Gamaliel Harding offered no ideals only vague promise of return to “Normalcy”
• Landslide victory --> new era

Chapter 21: The Rise of Progressivism

I. The Progressive Impulse

• Belief in Progress --> society capable of improvement & continued growth and advancement = nations destiny
• Direct intervention in social and econ = essential for order and improved society

A. Varieties of Progressivism

• “Antimonopoly” – fear of concentrated power and urge to limit/disperse authority & wealth
• appealed to workers, farmers, and some middle class
• helped empower gov to regulate or break up trusts (state & national)
• Social Cohesion – belief that individuals are not autonomous, part of web of social relationships --> welfare of individual dependent on welfare of whole society
• Concern w/ “victims” of industrialization --> initiatives & reforms attempting to help women, children, industrial workers, immigrants, African Americans (less)
• Faith in Knowledge – possibilities of applying principles of natural & social science to society --> organization & efficiency
• Social order = result of intelligent social organization & rational procedures
• Knowledge = vehicle for equitable humane society
• Modernized gov must play important role in process of stabilizing society
• Need for new enhanced institutions of gov, leaders, experts

B. The Muckrakers

• Muckrakers – crusading journalists directing public attention to social, econ, and political injustices (Theodore Roosevelt --> “raking up muck”)
• At first major targets = trusts & railroads --> dangerously powerful, deeply corrupt
• 1860s Charles Francis Adams Jr uncovered corruption among railroad barons
• Ida Tarbell & Lincoln Steffens
• 1904 published study of Standard Oil trust by Ida Tarbell
• turn of cen --> muckrakers focus on gov (political machines)
• Lincoln Steffens – reporter for McClure’s magazine who exposed machine gov and boss rule
• Tone of studied moral outrage --> aroused sentiment for urban political reform
• The Shame of the Cities
• Muckrakers peak influence1900-1910
• Investigated govs, labor unions, corporations
• Explored problems of child labor, immigrant ghettoes, prostitution, family disorganization
• Denounced waste & destruction of natural resources, subjugation of women, oppression of blacks (on occasion)
• Helped inspire Americans to take action
• Expressed basic progressive impulses
• Opposition to monopoly
• Belief in need for social unity among corruption & injustice
• Efficiency & organization

C. The Social Gospel

• Public outrage at injustice + social responsibility --> reformers committed to social justice
• “Social Gospel”(early 20th cen) – powerful movement w/I American Protestantism concerned w/ redeeming nation’s cities
• Salvation Army = fusion of religion & reform, Christian social welfare org offering material aid & spiritual service to urban poor
• Many ministers, priests and rabbis left traditional parish work to serve in troubled cities
• In His Steps (1898) Charles Sheldon --> most successful novel of era
• Walter Rauschenbusch – Protestant theologian who published influential discourses on possibilities for human salvation through Christian reform
• Message of Darwinism = cooperation to ensure humanitarian evolution
• Father John Ryan
  
• Rerum Novarum (1893 publication of Pope Leo XIII) --> rich were relying on poor almost like slaves
• Worked to expand scope of Catholic welfare organizations
• Social Gospel was never dominant element in movement for urban reform --> dismissed as irrelevant moralization
• Brought progressive movement powerful moral component & commitment

Chapter 20 - Section Three - The Imperial Republic

1. What is imperialism? What are the goals of imperialistic countries? Provide several examples of 19th century European imperialism and examples of how the United States engaged in imperialism.

• Imperialism: territorial acquisition to extend a nations power
• Ex. Imperial Britain (largest), France, Germany, Portugal, other European countries establishing colonies in Asia and Africa
• U.S. engaged in imperialism after it acquired land from the Spanish-American war (1898)

2. Who wrote the book, The Influence of Sea Power Upon History (1890)?What influence did this book have? What ideas actually came to be?

• Alfred Thayer Mahan published his thesis in The Influence of Sea Power Upon History
• Countries with sea power were great nations in history
• Prerequisites for naval power = productive domestic econ, foreign commerce, strong merchant marine, navy to defend trade routes, colonies
• Advocated US construct a canal across Central America
• 1870s and 1880s gov launched shipbuilding program

3. Create a timeline which shows how the United States gained control over Hawaii.
4. Who was Queen Liliuokalani?

• Queen Liliuokalani: strong nationalist who took the throne in 1891 and set out to challenge the growing American control of the islands
• Only on throne for 2 yrs, 1890 US eliminated privileged position of Hawaiian sugar in international trade
• Only way for islands to recover was to become part of U.S.

5. What was the motivation for the United States to want to help Cuba?

• The destruction of the Maine was seen as an attack from Spain
• Spanish minister insulted the President
• The US was able to take the US holding of Puerto Rico and the Philippines and fain favor with Cuba

6. Who were Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst and what did they have to do with Yellow Journalism?

• Joseph Pulitzer – Hungarian immigrant, Civ War vet, successful newspaper publisher in St. Louis --> bought NY World 1883‡ very successful
• ^ “Yellow Journalism” new tech possibilities, came to mean sensationalist style or reporting and writing
• William Randolph Hearst imitator who bought New York Journal 1895
• Used color even more lavishly than Pulitzer
• Competition btw the two
• Sensationalized coverage of the Maine and Spanish American War

7. Show your understanding of the concept of Yellow Journalism by creating a headline for a modern event that has the same characteristics of a Yellow Journalism style headline.
Bush may have CHEATED to win 2004 Election: Faulty Voting Machines or True Victory?!

8. Create a chart that shows how the following people were involved in the Spanish-American War; Jose Marti, Valeriano Weyler, Grover Cleveland, William McKinley, Dupuy de Lome, George Dewey, Theodore Roosevelt.
9. What happened at San Juan Hill?

• Theodore Roosevelt charged San Juan Hill --> took control of important location near Santiago
• Earned Roosevelt his reputation

10. Who were the Rough Riders?

• Calvary unit led by Theodore Roosevelt --> made him into hero

11. Create a chart which shows what happened to the following places as a result of the Spanish-American War; Spain, Cuba, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Philippines.

12. What were the arguments of the Anti-Imperialist League?

• Imperialism = immoral
• Opposed concept of American freedom
• Dislike of inferior races
• Feared large standing armies
• Dislike competition

13. Explain how the United States interfered in the affairs of independent Cuba and include specific reference to the Platt Amendment.

• U.S. controlled military and occupied country
• Supported the infrastructure schools, hospitals, roads, administration
• Platt Amendment meant the Cuban Constitution required to give the US control over Cuba in terms of defense of Constitution

14. What was the attitude and actions of Filipinos toward the United States? Also, why did the U.S. want to control the Philippines anyway?

• Resisted US control --> guerilla tactics
• Reasons for control
• returning islands to Spain = cowardly/dishonorable
• turning islands over to another imperialist power = bad business/discreditable
• independence for island = irresponsible

15. Why were the “doors” to China closed and why did the U.S. want them open?
• Closed:

• Americans concerned about future of China ’ US had important trade w/ China

• England, France, Germany, Russia, Japan had already pressured Chinese government ’ gave them control over various regions of China

• Open: US wanted to maintain trade w/ China

16. Who was John Hays and what did he write in his notes?
• John Hays: Secretary of State
• Translated McKinley “Open door statement” into policy --> “Open Door Notes”
• “Open Door Notes”: addressed identical messages to England, Germany, Russia, France, Japan, and Italy --> asked them to approved 3 principles
1) each nation w/ a sphere of influence in China was to respect the rights and
privileges of other nations in its sphere
2) Chinese officials were to continue to collect tariff duties in all spheres
3) nations were not to discriminate against other nations in levying port dues and
railroad rates w/in their own spheres

Would allow US to trade freely w/ Chinese w/out fear of interference and w/o having to become militarily involved in region

17. Who were the Boxers and why did they rebel?
• Boxers = a secret nationalist Chinese martial-arts society whose nationalist conviction lead them to rebel against foreigners

18. How did the Boxer Rebellion affect China - U.S. A. relations?
• Chinese territorial integrity survived at least in name
• US maintained access to trade

19. Explain (your opinion - based on facts) the significant ways that imperialism changed the United States as it entered the 20th century. Think about social, political, military, and economic considerations.

• Transition into semi-imperialism allowed US to establish itself as global power
• Impact and power of its economy and trade markets
• Formation of a more powerful and organized army/navy ‡ Military power
• Enforced beliefs of white supremacy
• Revealed need for a stronger central government

20. Knowing what you know about the United States in the later part of the 19th century, what areas of American society do you anticipate would need to be improved as the United States “progressed” into the 20th century?

• ECONOMIC STABILITY!
• Redefined foreign policy
• Stronger central government
• Organized military
• Focus on internal improvements rather than external expansion

Chapter 19 - Section Two - From Stalemate to Crisis

1. Who was Charles Darwin? Explain fully. (pages 514-516)

• English naturalist who developed the Theory of natural selection and evolution
• His ideas caused a schism btw city cultural and rural culture

2. What was Social Darwinism? (516)

• Application of Darwin’s theory of natural selection to human society
• William Graham Sumner and industrialized used it as an excuse for their place in life
• Some are not fit enough to achieve certain goals, thus the fittest survive in the business world and society

3. What was “Pragmatism”? (516)

• William James most prominent publicist of new theory (Charles S. Peirce, John Dewey)
• Modern society should rely for guidance on the test of scientific inquiry
• No idea or institution was valid unless it stood the test of experience

4. Make a list of the people mentioned on page 516-517 and briefly explain what they did, wrote, or started.
Charles Darwin: English naturalist who developed the theory of natural selection and evolution
William Graham Sumner used social Darwinism to justify their position in American life
William James a Harvard psychologist who was most prominent publicist of Pragmatism
Charles S. Peirce – early pragmatism intellectual
John Dewey – later pragmatism intellectual, proposed new approach to education that enabled students to acquire knowledge that would help them deal with the realities of society
Richard T. Ely & Simon Pattern economists who argued for a more active and pragmatic use of scientific discipline
Edward A. Ross & Lester Frank Ward sociologists who urged applying scientific method to the solution of social and political problems
Frederick Jackson Turner & Charles Beard historians who argued that economic factors more than spiritual ideals had been the governing force in historical development
Richard Henry Pratt (1897) organized Carlisle Indian Industrial School, emphasized practical industrial education, forced assimilation, project failed

5. Read through the first part of chapter 19. This information is important but covers a wide variety of topics. Take your own notes on pages 522-524.
I. The Politics of Equilibrium
A. The Party System

• Electoral Stability
• Recon --> 1890s electorate divided evenly btw Rep and Demo
• High Turnout due to intense public loyalty, mass based politics
• Loyalty to demo in south b/c demo = vehicle by which they preserved white supremacy
• Loyalty to Rep in north b/c Lincoln and Civil War, against slavery and treason
• Catholic, recent immigrants, poorer workers --> Democrat
• Northern Protestants, middle class --> Republican
• Republicans --> support restricted immigration, temperance
• Party identification was more reflection of cultural inclinations than economic interest

B. The National Government

• National government was responsible for delivering mail, maintaining national military, foreign policy, collecting tariffs and taxes
• Late 19th cen supported capitalists (subsidies, military use during strikes)
• Civil War Pension system – (early 20th cen) fed gov administered system of annual pensions for Union Civ War vets
• Some reformers tried to make it permanent, failed b/c system was corrupt
• “Good Gov” believers wanted to elimination pensions system to fight graft, corruption, and party rule
• when civil war gen died pension system died
• late 19th cen US had no modern national gov
• Political parties = most powerful national political institutions

C. Presidents and Patronage

• Power of party bosses had important effect on pres power
• Presidents had very little power except to distribute government appnts
• Tried to avoid offending factions
• Rutherford B. Hayes Presidency (1877-1881)
• Stalwarts (Roscoe Conkling) and Half-Breeds (James G. Blaine) competing for control of the Rep party
• Hayes tried to satisfy both parties but satisfied neither
• Garfield Assassinations
• oHe began his presidency by trying to defy the Stalwarts in his appointments and by showing support for civil service reform
• July 2, 1881, shot twice, eventually died
• Succeeded by Chester A. Arthur, followed independent course to promote reform
• 1883 Congress passed the first national civil serviece measure, Pendleton Act

D. Cleveland, Harrison, and the Tariff

• 1884 election --> Rep Sen James G. Blaine
• “liberal republicans/ mugwumps” wanted to support an honest demo
• Demos nominate Grover Cleveland – no different than Blaine but had reputation as enemy of corruption
• Cleveland narrowly won because of Catholic support after demos spread news that Blaine tolerated a slander on the Catholic Church
• Dec 1887 Cleveland asked congress to reduce the tariff rates --> deadlock & issue in election of 1888
• Most corrupt elections --> Benjamin Harrison’s Election

6. What was the Sherman Anti-Trust Act and why was it created? When? (524-525)

• Passed in mid 1880s to stop large corporate trusts
• Symbol to gain poor favor and not hurt business partners
• Ultimately ineffective

7. Describe and explain the cartoon on the top of page 526.

• America is bound by McKinley Tariff ‡ considered a monopoly
• US bound by protective tariffs to protect interests, but people are suffering due t higher princes
• Message: Tariffs should be used to make money, not restrict imports

8. What was the Interstate Commerce Act and who did it affect? (527)

• Interstate Commerce Act: forced railroad regulation, banned discrimination in rates btw long and short hauls, publish their rate schedules
• Randomly enforced and strict on certain people

9. Read all about the Grangers and The Farmer's Alliances and write your own notes explaining why these groups were created, who were their leaders, and what affect they had. (527-529)
I. The Agrarian Revolt

• Populism emerged from rural farmers realizing problems of the modern econ & the desire for government assistance

A. The Grangers

• 1860s The Grange: first major farm organization‡self-help association
• Depression of 1873 turned it into agency of political change
• Origins
• Founded by Oliver H. Kelley --> appalled by isolation and drabness of rural life
• At first aimed to bring farmers together to learn new scientific agricultural techniques
• Wanted to create feeling of community
• Membership increased after depression of 1873
• Increase in membership ‡ focus less on social benefits more on economic possibilities
• Attempted to organize marketing cooperatives (avoid middleman)
• Urged Co-op political action to avoid railroad and warehouse monopoly
• Montgomery Ward and Company 1872: 1st mail-order business
• Most Granger enterprises failed b/c inexperienced operations and middleman opposition
• July 4 1873 “The Farmer’s Declaration of Independence”
• Lawful and peaceful means to escape unfair monopolies
• Political Program
• Worked to elect state legislators pledged to their program
• Operated through existing parties or independent parties (“Antimonopoly” “Reform”)
• Purpose: subject railroads to gov controls
• Granger Laws 1870s --> strict regulation of railroads
• Decline
• New regulations destroyed by courts
• Political inexperience of Granger leaders
• Temporary return of agricultural prosperity late 1870s
• -->Decline in Granger association power

B. The Farmers’ Alliances

• Succeeded the Grange as leading vehicle of agrarian protest
• Southern alliance (Texas) 1875, Northwestern Alliance (Midwest)
• Primary concern = local problems
• Formed cooperatives & marketing mechanisms
• Goal: build a society where economic cooperation > competition
• Mutual responsibility to resist oppressive forces
• Promoted cooperation as alternative economic system
• Women = prominent role --> full voting members
• Mary E. Lease --> would be come fiery Populist orator
• Temperance = key to stability in rural society
• Suffered from same problems as grangers --> new phase 1880s creation of national political organization
• 1889 merger of Southern and Northwester Alliances
• Oscala Demands: party platform
• 3rd party formation --> The People’s Party (Populists) July 1892
• election 1892 showed potential power of Populist movement

10. Why did the People's Party start? Who started it? (530-531)

• People’s Party formed from the merger of the North Western and Southern Farmers Alliances
• Tom Watson (S) & Leonidas Polk (N)

11. What was the political platform (ideas) of the Populists? (531-532)

• Supported unindustrialized farmers that had no chance of competing with mechanized work w/o political intervention
• Set up network of warehouses and make crops valuable collateral
• Ban national banks
• Stronger influence of citizens
• End of absentee ownership of land
• Direct election of US senators
• Government regulation
• Silver money
• Progress and growth should be strictly defined by the needs of individuals and communities

12. Who wanted silver backed money (532) and who wanted gold backed money (537)?What difference did it make?

• Silver money: populists, silver miners, debtors
• Gold money: Business owners, successful farmers, politicians, bankers, Jews

13. What caused the economic panic of 1893 and what impact did it have? (534-535)

• Cause: Philadelphia and Reading Railroads and National Cordage Company failed --> brought down banks tied to them and the whole stock market
• Effect: food prices collapsed, businesses failed, foreign investors pulled out

14. Who was Jacob Coxey and what did he want? (536)

• Jacob Coxey: Ohio business man and Populist
• Proposed public works to generate jobs for the unemployed

15. What was the Crime of '73? and who wanted to undo it? Why?

• Crime of ’73: involved the value of silver dropping and loss of interest of silver coinage
• Silver miners wanted the government to by the silver above the market value ‡ mint it to make $$$
• Farmers wanted silver money to make easy payments

16. Who was William Jennings Bryan and what did he say about a Cross of Gold?(537-538) Why did he have his own cult following? (532)

• William Jennings Bryan: Nebraska congressman who was pro silver
• Believed gold standard oppressed the working man
• Democrats --> Pro-silver and collected all of the populist votes

19. What was the political background of William McKinley? What were his campaign issues in 1896 and why did he win?

• William McKinley: governor of Ohio, member of congress who authored 1890 tariff, Republican presidential candidate 1896 election
• Opposed free silver except by agreement with the leading commercial nations (unlikely)
• Bryan lost support by violating traditional campaigning

20. What was McKinley's plan to get the country out of the depression and how did the Currency Act help? (539-540)

• McKinley was committed to the need for higher tariff rates
• Currency/ Gold Standard Act of 1900 – confirmed the nations commitment to the gold standard by assigning a specific gold value to the $ and required all currency issued by the US to hew to that value
• Meant to stabilize the money supply

21. Create a Presidential Timeline from Grant to McKinley. For each President, include dates of office, party affiliation, and at least one significant event.

22. Explain what McKinley is doing in the cartoon on page 542. What is happening to Uncle Sam?

• McKinley is measuring the US to accommodate the new possessions the US obtained in the aftermath of the Spanish-American war
• The US (Uncle Sam) is getting larger and foreign policy is getting less and less important

Chapter 18 – Section One - The Age of the City

1. Explain the various migrations to American cities after the Civil War, describing the who, when, where, and reasons why people were migrating. (490-492)

• Young rural women: left declining agricultural areas of rural America in late 19th century b/c farming had become male dominant and clothes and goods now mass produced by department stores/catalogs
• Southern Blacks: poverty, debt, violence, and oppression in late 19th cen limited jobs is city (books, janitors, domestics, low paying etc) --> black women > men
• Immigrants: Germans and educated Europeans ‡ west for farming or business,
• Irish/Uneducated: too poor to buy farm land and lacked education ‡ settled in industrial cities for unskilled labor jobs

2. Explain the two concepts below and how they affected immigrants. (495-496)
1. Assimilation

• Americanization --> adopting American culture and breaking with old ethnic traditions
• Assimilation put strain on relationships btw men and women
• Ethnic culture = subordinate women, US = less subordinate women
• Out of necessity women began working out of home developing outside attachments
• Native born Americans encouraged assimilation
• Public schools taught English
• Employers insisted workers SPEAK English
• Many American products in stores
• Leaders = native born/ assimilated immigrants ‡ encouraged other immigrants to adopt American ways

2. Exclusion

• Nativism --> fear and resentment among native borns towards immigrants out of their fears and prejudice of the foreigners
• Henry Bowers (1887) – lawyer obsessed with a hatred of Catholics and foreigners --> formation of American Protective Association
• American Protective Association: group committed to stopping the immigrant tide
• Immigration Restriction League (1894) – dedicated to belief that immigrants should be screened, through literacy tests and other standards designed to separate the desirable from the undesirable
• 1882 Congress --> Chinese exclusion act, other laws prevented “undesirables” from entering and placed tax on each person admitted
• 1890s restriction list expanded and tax raised
• restrictions had limited success b/c many native borns welcomed immigration b/c it provided cheap and plentiful labor supply

3. Who were Frederick Law Olmstead and Calvert Vaux? (497)

• Fredrick Law Olmstead and Calvert Vaux (1850s): landscape designers who teamed up to design New York’s Central park
• Public space that wouldn’t look like the city --> natural space
• Success of Central Park --> designers commissioned in other cities

4. Describe the event that took place in Chicago in 1893 and explain its importance. (498)

• 1893 Columbian Exposition in Chicago: world’s fair constructed to honor 400th anniversary of Columbus’s 1st voyage to America
• “Great White City”- cluster of neoclassical buildings that became the inspiration for the “City Beautiful Movement”

5. What was the “City Beautiful Movement”? (498)

• lead by architect of Great White City --> Daniel Burnham
• aimed to impose a similar order and symmetry on the disorder life of cities around the country
• no reconstructions of American cities matching those of European cities

6. What was created in Boston in the late 1850's and why was this important? (498)

• Black Bay – (Boston late 1850s) marshy land filled in to create neighborhood, over 40 years to complete = one of largest public projects at the time
• Annexations to expand boundaries of American cities 1890s -->

7. Create a chart that describes and compares the living conditions of well-to-do, workers, and poor in urban America after the Civil War. (498-499)

Well-to-Do

• Housing seldom a worry
• Cost of building in late 19th century let anyone with even moderate income afford a house
• Mansions at heart of the city, “fashionable districts”
• Moderately well-to-do took advantage of less expensive land on city edge --> growth of suburbs

Workers & Poor

• Could not afford either a house or city or suburbs
• Stayed in city centers and rented
• Landlords squeezed as many paying people in to as little space as possible
• Tenements --> slum dwellings

8. Who was Jacob Riis and what did he do? (499-500)

• Jacob Riis (1890): Danish immigrant and New York newspaper reporter and photographer who wrote How the Other Half Lives
• Book contained pictures and descriptions of tenement life
• Solution = raze slum dwellings w/o building replacement housing

9. Make a list of problems that were common in America's cities. (500-503)

• Transportation Problems
• Terrible street conditions (too narrow, unpaved)
• Need for MASS TRANSPORTATION b/c huge amounts of ppl
• Fire & Disease
• Environmental Degradation
• Improper disposal of human and industrial waste --> pollution of rivers and lakes
• Large numbers of unclean animals
• Air pollution from factories
• Urban Poverty
• Crime & Violence
• Rise in murder (southern lynching and homicide)
• Instability in western communities

10. Explain how the mass transit and skyscrapers were developed in cities. (500-501)

• Mass Transit: need for faster mass transportation --> elevated railway, cable cars, electric trolley, subway, bridges
• Skyscraper: development of steel-girder construction made tall building possible

11. What happened in Chicago, Boston, Baltimore, and San Francisco between 1871-1906? (501)

• The large cities suffered from “great fires”
• Fires encouraged the building of fireproof buildings

12. Read about the Machine and the Boss and take notes that describe the details of how this system operated. (503-504)

• Boss Rule: any politician who could mobilize voting power of large immigrant population gained enormous influence
• All were men
• Function of political boss = win votes for his organization
• Win loyalty of his constituents (supplies, saving one from jail, finding jobs, etc)
• Patronage – jobs in city gov w/ opportunities to rise in political organization
• Graft and Corruption --> machines = vehicles for making $$
• Honest grafts & covert grafts
• William M. Tweed boss of NYC’s Tammany Hall 1860s &1870s
• Modernized city infrastructures
• Expanding role of gov
• Stability in political and social climate
• Reasons for Boss Rule
• 1. power of immigrant voters who were less concerned w/ middle class ideas of political morality
• 2. Link btw political organizations & wealthy citizens who profited from boss relations
• 3. Structural weakness of city gov ‡ boss formed “invisible gov” with lots of control
• Competition
• Reform groups mobilized public outrage
• Reform organizations lacked permanence of machine