Important Royal Lines

Important Royal Lines and Governments
FRANCE:
Valois Line:
Louis XI “Spider King” (1461-83)
Francis I (1515-1547): Concordat of Bologna; Hapsburg-Valois Wars
Bourbons:
Henry IV (Henry of Navarre) (1589-1610): politique; Edict of Nantes; Duke of Sully
Louis XIII (1610-1643): Richelieu
Louis XIV (The “Sun King”) – (1643-1715): Mazarin, Colbert; absolutism, Versailles
Louis XV (1715-1774)
Louis XVI (1774-1792): beheaded during French Revolution
The Empire: Napoleon I (1804-1814) (Note: Consulate 1799-1804)
Restoration of Bourbons: Louis XVIII: Charter of 1814-constitutional monarchy
Orleans: Louis Philippe (1830-1848) " Bourgeois King")
Second Republic: 1848-1852 -- President Louis Napoleon
Second Empire: Napoleon III (1842-1870) (Note: 2nd Republic 1848-1852)
Third Republic: 1870-1940: Adolph Thiers, Leon Gambetta, Raymond Poincarè
Vichy Regime: 1940-1944 (during Nazi occupation of France in WWII)
Fourth Republic: 1944-1958; Charles de Gaulle
Fifth Republic: 1958-- Charles de Gaulle, Francois Mitterand

AUSTRIA
Habsburg Succession, 1493-1637: Holy Roman Empire
Maximilian I (1493-1519): 1st important Habsburg
Charles V (1519-1556): most powerful ruler in Europe; tried to prevent spread of reformation
Ferdinand I (1556-1584) – Austria (brother of Charles V)
Leopold I (1658-1705): thwarted Turkish invasion
Charles VI: Pragmatic Sanction, 1713
Maria Theresa (1740-1780): War of Austrian Succession
Joseph II (1765-1790): greatest of the "enlightened monarchs"

SPAIN
Ferdinand and Isabella (1492-1519): created modern unified Spain
Habsburgs:
Charles V (1519-1556) -- (controlled both Austrian and Spanish thrones
Phillip II (1556-1598) -- son of Charles V: Catholic crusade against England

ENGLAND (Great Britain after 1707)
Tudors
Henry VII (1489-1509): won "War of the Roses"; "new monarch"
Henry VIII (1509-1547): English Restoration
Mary I “Bloody Mary” (1553-1558) – (note: not Mary, “Queen of Scots”)
Elizabeth I (1558-1603)
Stuarts
James I (1603-1625): "divine right" theory
Charles I (1625-1642): beheaded
Interregnum: Commonwealth (1649-53); Protectorate (1653-58); Oliver Cromwell
Charles II (1660-1685): Restoration
James II (1685-1688): overthrown during "Glorious Revolution"
William and Mary (1688-1702): products of "Glorious Revolution"
Anne (1702-1714): 1707, royal title now King (or Queen) of Great Britain & Ireland
Hanoverians:
18th century: George I, George II, George III (lost American Revolution)
Robert Walpole (first prime minister in 1820s)
Queen Victoria (1837-1901)
19th century leaders: Earl Grey, Lord Palmerston, Benjamin Disraeli, William Gladstone
20th century leaders: Ramsay McDonald, Winston Churchill, Clement Attlee, Margaret Thatcher

GERMANY
Hohenzollerns:
Frederick William – The “Great Elector”(1640-1688): foundation for Prussian state
Frederick I (Elector Frederick III) “The Ostentatious” (1688-1713)
Frederick William I (1713-1740) “The Soldiers’ King”
Frederick the Great (Frederick II) (1740-1786): "Enlightened Despotism"
Frederick William IV (1840-1861): "Humiliation of Olmutz"
William I (1861-1888) -- unified Germany under Bismarck; became Kaiser Wilhelm I
William II (1888-1918) -- World War I
Weimar Republic: 1919-1933 Gustave Streseman
Third Reich: 1933-1945 -- Adolf Hitler
German Federal Republic (West Germany): 1949-1990 Konrad Adenauer, Willy Brandt
German Democratic Republic (East Germany): 1949-1990
German Federal Republic (reunited Germany): 1990- Helmut Kohl
RUSSIA:
Ivan III “Ivan the Great” (1442-1505)
Ivan IV “Ivan the Terrible” (1533-1584)
Romanov Dynasty (1613-1917)
Michael Romanov (1613-1645)
Peter the Great (1682-1725)
Catharine II, “Catharine the Great” (1762-96): Enlightened despotism?
Alexander I (1801-1825): Napoleonic wars, "Holy Alliance"
Nicholas I (1825-1855):
Alexander II (1855-1881): Emancipation Edict
Alexander III (1881-1894): "Autocracy, Orthodoxy, Russification"
Nicholas II (1894-1917): WWI, Russian Revolution
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR): 1922-1991
Vladimir Lenin (1917-1924) , Joseph Stalin (1927-1953), Nikita Krushchev (1955-1964)
Leonid Brezhnev (1964-1982), Mikahil Gorbachev (1985-1991)
Russian Federation: 1991- Boris Yeltsin (1991-2000)

ITALY: Victor Emmanuel I (1849-1878) -- King of Sardinia: unified Italy (Count Cavour)
Victor Emmanuel II (1900-1946): WWI, Mussolini